John Moses says that when his father, Russell Moses, returned on leave from the Korean War, his battles weren’t over.
When the Indigenous residential school survivor came back to Canada in 1952, he was turned away from a bar in Hagersville, Ont., because of his race, his son said.
“That was not unique,” said John Moses, a member of the Delaware and Upper Mohawk bands from Six Nations of the Grand River, and himself a third-generation member of the Canadian Armed Forces.
His father, who served in the navy during the Korean War and later joined the air force, died in 2013, while his grandfather, Ted Moses, was a mechanic with the air force in Ontario during the Second World War.
“The irony of the situation was never lost on newly returned veterans,” said Moses, a communicator research operator with the Armed Forces in the 1980s before working at the Canadian Museum of History as director for repatriation and Indigenous relations.
“After having fought abroad for the sovereignty of small nations overseas, they come back to a country within which we still, at that point, did not enjoy the same range of civil and political rights as other Canadians.”
Canada marks Indigenous Veterans Day on Saturday, shining a spotlight on wartime experiences that historian Scott Sheffield says was a place where some would find a sense of belonging, away from racism at home.
Indigenous Veterans Day began as a grassroots movement in Winnipeg in 1993, but it has since grown to be nationally recognized, with Sheffield calling it a “logical precursor to Remembrance Day” on Nov. 11.
Sheffield, an associate professor of history at the University of the Fraser Valley in British Columbia, said many ask why Indigenous people would choose to fight for a country that marginalized them.
A Calgary studio has sold hundreds of the poppies in recent weeks. CBC’s Collin Gallant met one of the artists behind these symbols of sacrifice. (Note: a previous version of this story referred to National Aboriginal Veterans Day. That was incorrect. It is Indigenous Veterans Day.)
He said the reasons varied according to the individual and the war, and in many cases, Indigenous fighters volunteered for the same reasons as others, such as adventure or economic reasons.
But for some, Sheffield said, it was a political statement.
“By enlisting, they were sort of declaring their right to belong, to be part of Canadian society,” he said.
Camaraderie, acceptance vanished post-war
One example was Tommy Prince, one of Canada’s the most decorated Second World War veterans, who “famously went to war to prove that an Indian was as good as any white man.”
“He served his whole career with that kind of chip on his shoulder to prove himself a superb soldier, which he did in spades, but it was partly to make that statement,” Sheffield said.
He said the “most consistent thread” to emerge from the Indigenous wartime experience was that serving “stripped away a lot of the prejudice” Indigenous soldiers faced in Canadian daily life.
“If you were sharing a foxhole with the guy, you only cared about his character, if you had confidence that he’d have your back, and that was something I think, that Indigenous men really came to prize — that they garnered respect for their character and their ability as soldiers, and that was really the main thing they took away from that experience,” he said.
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But stories also echoed Russell Moses’s experience — the camaraderie seemed to vanish back home.
“They expected that acceptance to continue after the war, to be honest, and that was more disillusioning, because they returned home to a Canada where, in many ways, with their uniform off, they were still — in their words — ‘just an Indian again,”‘ Sheffield said.
He said many Indigenous veterans of the Second World War signed up again to serve in the Korean War, “maybe to recapture some of that sense of acceptance and purpose again.”
Thousands served
The federal government says on its veterans website that more than 4,000 Indigenous people served in uniform during the First World War, in a “remarkable response,” that saw one in three able-bodied men volunteer. Communities, including the Head of the Lake Band in B.C., saw every man aged between 20 and 35 enlist.
The veterans site says more than 3,000 First Nations people served in the Second World War.
But Sheffield said that may be understated.
“There was nowhere in the records where they recorded a person’s ethnicity or race,” said Sheffield, who believes as many as 4,300 Indigenous soldiers served in the Second World War.
‘Walking a path of reconciliation’
The government acknowledges unfair treatment of Indigenous soldiers, noting many thought their sacrifice would “improve rights and standing in Canada.” That, it concedes, did not happen and “has had lasting physical and social effects for Indigenous veterans and their communities.”
As reconciliation efforts have gained momentum in recent years, so has a push to recognize Indigenous veterans, both on Nov. 8 but also through an initiative called the Last Post Fund Indigenous Initiative.
Nov. 8 is Indigenous Veterans Day, which commemorates the service and sacrifice of the country’s Indigenous veterans. A ceremony was held in Abegweit First Nation in P.E.I. to mark the day. CBC’s Connor Lamont was there.
The fund has been in existence since 1909 with the mission of ensuring no veteran is denied a dignified funeral and burial, and a military gravestone.
The Indigenous Veterans Initiative began in March 2019, and to date, it says more than 265 grave markers have been ordered and placed, while 24 Indigenous community researchers across the country search for more unrecognized veterans’ graves.
Among the researchers is Floyd Powder, who spent 32 years in the Canadian Armed Forces before retiring in 2013.
He identifies graves of Indigenous veterans who lack a headstone. He said each marker should include an Indigenous symbol or language.
“It shows the family that Veterans Affairs Canada and the Last Post Fund recognizes their service and honours them by having those considerations of symbol and language on their headstone,” he said in an interview.
Veterans Affairs Canada, which helps to fund the project, said in a statement that celebrating Indigenous Veterans Day took nothing away from Remembrance Day.
Indigenous Veterans Day takes place on Nov. 8 to honour the soldiers from First Nations communities who fought in overseas wars.
“It does not replace or supersede Remembrance Day in any way — it instead enhances Veterans’ Week commemorations by shining a spotlight on the tremendous history of Indigenous service,” it said in a statement.
Sheffield said Nov. 8 serves as a reminder of the mutual respect and camaraderie felt by soldiers, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous, as they served alongside one another long before reconciliation efforts began.
“I think those are things maybe we should also take to heart, and that might help us as we’re walking a path of reconciliation and trying to find a way to successfully and respectfully coexist in our country going forward.”
